ABSTRACT
Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one microm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.
ABSTRACT
Viral infection is recognized as a public health burden globally. In recent years, the world has witnessed the constant outbreaks of new viruses such as Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV along with frequent mutations of these viruses and the existing antiviral therapies are not variedly sufficient due to low efficacy, drug resistance, and serious adverse effects. Therefore, developing unconventional and alternate methods is the need for an hour. Biomaterial development has emerged as functional therapeutics, especially antiviral biomaterials have attracted researchers due to their unique characteristics and advantages. Biomaterial-based antivirals offer new action mechanisms by inhibiting the differential steps of the viral infectious cycle and synergize the effect by combining with the antiviral or antiinflammatory drugs. The combination of biomaterials and nanotechnology has revolutionized the medical field and augmented its clinical applications. Nanodecoys or nanosponges are used as novel biomaterials that exhibit unique antiviral efficacy with low cytotoxicity. Based on this background, this chapter aims to provide an overview and better understanding of the current knowledge in the arena of antiviral biomaterials. It not only illustrates the multidisciplinary approaches of antiviral biomaterials in terms of applications and recent advancements but also the challenges associated with antiviral biomaterials.
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology has a versatile use in the field of disease therapy, targeted drug delivery, biosensing, and environmental protection. The cross-linked nanosponges are one of the types of nanostructures that provide huge application in the biomedical field. They are available up to the fourth generation and can act as a payload for both kinds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. There are different methods available for the synthesis of these nanosponges as well as loading the drugs inside them. A variety of approved drugs based on nanosponges are already in the market including drugs for cancer. Other applications include the uses of nanosponges as topical agent, in improving solubility, as protein carrier, in chemical sensors, in wastewater remediation, and in agriculture. The present review discusses in detail about different applications of nanosponges and also mentions about the recent SARS-CoV-2 management using nanosponges.
ABSTRACT
Among explored nanomaterials, nanosponge-based systems have exhibited inhibitory effects for the biological neutralization of, and antiviral delivery against, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More studies could pave the path for clarification of their biological neutralization mechanisms as well as the assessment of their long-term biocompatibility and biosafety issues before clinical translational studies. In this review, we discuss recent advances pertaining to antiviral delivery and inhibitory effects of nanosponges against SARS-CoV-2, focusing on important challenges and opportunities. Finally, as promising approaches for recapitulating the complex structure of different organs/tissues of the body, we discuss the use of 3D in vitro models to investigate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to find therapeutic targets to better manage and eradicate coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).